Modern courts are usually independent of other branches of government, but in historical perspective many of the attributes associated with judicial independence, legal professional competence and objectivity were absent or considerably modified during the many centuries of judicial institutional development which preceded the emergence of courts in the variety of contemporary legal systems of the world. Generally, a court will be staffed by specially trained judges (includes magistrates) whose professional integrity and independence is ensured by fundamental constitutional safeguards. Such courts are integral parts of bureaucratic systems designed to ensure predictability and rationality.

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